Merger of Air France and KLM

The Operating Statement, Balance Sheet, Sales Budget of Compact

The Operating Statement, Balance Sheet, Sales Budget of Compact The Operating Statement, Balance Sheet, Sales Budget of Compact Fittings Plc – Coursework Example Report: Introduction: The report analyzes the operating ment, balance sheet, sales budget, purchase budget and cash flow ment of Compact Fittings Plc for the period of July 2011 to December 2011. a) Pricing policy that has been used in the preparation of the budgeted figures: The pricing policy is to charge mark-up over the cost per unit at which the goods were purchased. This mark-up is 25% in this case. The cost price on which this mark-up is added doesn’t directly take into account the other expenses like wages, rent , other expenses and depreciation. The costing therefore is more like variable costing than absorption costing. The wages, rent and other expenses have been calculated as percentage of sales. The depreciation is calculated on the basis of written down value method. The costs of the goods are expected to increase in November and December. These costs increases are passed on to the customers in the form of a proportionate increase in selling price. The selling price has been calculated by adding a 25% mark-up over the per unit cost price. From July to October the cost price per unit has been kept at  £ 14.4 per unit. Cost price per unit ( from July to October ):  £ 14.4 per unit Add 25% and selling price per unit will be : 14.4 + .25 * 14.4 =  £ 18 per unit. The sales of each month from July to December has been calculated by adding up the cash sales ( 75% of the total sales for the month) and the cash received for the credit sale of the previous month. For instance, the total sales of August are  £ 110,250. 6000 units are expected to be sold in August. At selling price of  £ 18 per unit, this will be equal to: 18*6000 = 108,000 75% of this will be cash sales i.e. .75 * 108,000 = 81000†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i The sales of July are expected to be 117000. 25% of these sales are expected to be made on credit, cash for which will be realized in the next month of August. So this is equal to: .25 * 117000 = 29250†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.ii Total sales of August : i + ii = 81000 + 29250 = 110,250. Similarly the sales of other months have been calculated. After October, in the months of November and December, it is expected that the cost per unit will rise to  £ 15.2 per unit. Therefore selling price per unit for the month of November and December has been estimated at: 15.2 + .25 * 15.2 = 19 per unit. The price increase in the costs of goods has been passed on to the customers. The total sales in the operating statement of the six month period - from July to December- have been calculated by adding up the total sales of the six months. From the sales of July, the 25% cash received for the cash sales of June have been removed. Similarly in the sales of December, the 25% credit sales for which cash is expected to be received in January have been added up. Total Sales for the six month period = 124,650 + 110,250 + 110,700 + 119700+ 134, 625 + 150,100 – 36900 (cash for credit sales in June, received in July) + 38475 (cash received in January for the credit sales in December) = 751,600 The costs of sales have been calculated by adding up the opening stock at the beginning of the six month period with the purchases made during this period. The closing stock was then deducted from them, because this stock was not sold and became part of the current assets of the company. The company makes monthly purchases. For every monthly purchase, 50% of the amount is paid in cash by the company. The remaining 50% payment is made in the next month by the company. For example, the purchase of July is  £ 102,240. 6000 units were purchased in July at the cost of  £ 14. 4 per unit. This is equal to: 14.4 * 6000 = 86400†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.i The total purchase of July also includes the 50% cash payments made for the purchases made in the month of June. The purchases made in the month of June were 118, 080. 50% of them were made on credit, payments for which were made in July. So the total value of purchases made in July is: 50% of 86400 + 59040 (for cash payments made for the purchases of June ) = 102,240. The purchase cost per unit is expected to rise to 15.2 per unit for the months of November and December. The total purchases have been calculated by adding up the purchases of the six months. From the sales the cost of sales are deducted for calculating the gross profit. Gross profit is equal to: Sales – Costs of goods sold = 751,600 – 599,280 = 152, 320. From the gross profit, wages, rent, expenses and depreciation have been deducted for calculating the net profit. The wages have been estimated to be 5% of the total sales made. The expenses are estimated to be 2% of the total sales made by the company. Rent is estimated at 5% of the total purchases made by the company and not the cash purchases only. The depreciation has been calculated on a written down basis. The rate of depreciation for motor vehicles is 10%. The Net Book value of motor vehicles on 30/06/2011 is 153000. For six months, depreciation at the rate of 10% per year will be equal to: .05 * 153000 = 7650†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i An addition of 9600 worth of motor vehicles was made in the month of September. This was charged for three months at the rate of 10/3= 3.3% or .33. Therefore total depreciation for the three month period on the additional motor vehicle of 9600 is equal to: 9600* .33 = 320†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.ii Therefore total depreciation on motor vehicles for the six month period is equal to i + ii = 7650 + 320 = 7970 The net book value of plant & machinery on 30/06/2011 was 220,000. 10% depreciation for six months is equal to: .10/ 2 * 220,000 = 11000. †¦.iii Additions worth 50,400 were made to the plant & machinery in the month of November. Depreciation was charged on this at the rate of: 10*2/12* 50,400 = 857†¦..iv Total depreciation on the plant and machinery = iii + iv = 11000 + 857 = 11857 The depreciation on the fixtures has been calculated in a similar way. b) Policy with regard to purchases and stocks and ways in which they can be improved: The company makes monthly purchases. For every monthly purchase, 50% of the amount is paid in cash by the company. The remaining 50% payment is made in the next month in the company. However the purchases for each month include the cash payments made only. This includes 50% cash payment made for the purchases of that month and 50% cash payment received for the credit purchases of the previous month. Compact Fittings Plc. should improve on this policy. The purchases of each month should include only the purchases in that month. It shouldn’t matter whether the purchases were made in credit or cash. We are following here the accrual method of accounting and not the cash basis of accounting. The closing stock for each month has been calculated in the following way: Opening balance in the beginning of the month + Purchases made during the month – Units sold. The closing stock at the end of the six month per month is equal to the closing stock at the end of December. This is equal to 2500 units. These 2500 units are valued at the increased purchase price of  £ 15.20 per unit. The closing stock is therefore worth: 25000 *  £ 15.20 =  £ 38000 The opening stock for the six month period is the closing stock of June. This is equal to 3000 units. This has been valued at the prevailing cost in June i.e.  £ 14.40 per unit. Therefore the opening stock is valued at: 3000 * 14.40 = 43200. The valuation of opening and closing stock is therefore done on the basis of last in last out (LILO). This seems to be the right policy for valuing the opening and closing stocks and it should be continued in the review. References: Gitman, Lawrence, 2003, Principles of Managerial Finance, 10th edition, Addison-Wesley. Weston Fred, Brigham Eugene ,1972, Managerial Finance, Dryden Press, Hinsdale Illinois. Prasanna Chandra, 2006, Investment Analysis & Portfolio Management. McGraw-Hill I.M.Pandey, 2000, Financial Management, Vikas.

Performance Measurement and Evaluation of Royal Dutch Shell Plc Case Study - 1

Performance Measurement and Evaluation of Royal Dutch Shell Plc - Case Study Example Bob Ryan points out three major forms of assumptions such as capability, situation (state) and facts, as the backbone of all financial planning in a business enterprise. All these assumptions need to be tested against the realities when the review process is undertaken (2004 292). But these assumptions need to be tested against time in order to know whether the realities are with the assumptions. Control is the process of ensuring that a firm’s activities conform to its plan and that its objectives are achieved. Control systems are measurements and information that assist in determining management control and decision making. It encompasses all the methods and procedures that guide employees towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. (Drury, 2001) Management control systems provide a mechanism to suggest whether the business strategies implemented by an organization benefited them. (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kisco, 2000) According to Kaplan & Norton (1996), what an organization cannot measure, the organization cannot manage. In that sense, a management control system is also a performance measurement system. These measurement systems focus on improving the business processes and achieving breakthrough performance that is most critical for customers as well as shareholders. (Kaplan & Norton, 1996) Such systems may incorporate financial and non-financial systems. However, the focus of this paper is on the financial performance measurement system. Ryan focuses on forecasting as well as reviewing as processes of control. Forecasting is done on the expected profit through price and volume adjustment in forecasting. On the other hand, reviewing is a process to understand the influence of external factors and deviations to the indicators of forecasting through comparison between budgeted items and actual outcomes (Ryan 267-313).

In what sense, if any, should the study of politics be understood as a Essay

In what sense, if any, should the study of politics be understood as a science - Essay Example In part, politics looks at the way in which these varying needs are met and how the different factors are accommodated. History Politics has been studied since the 4th century B.C. From this time to the present day the topic has been examined in depth, with wide ranging debates and discussion. Greeks were the first one to understand and undertake some prominent changes in the ruling bodies to bring democracy. To implement it efficiently Greeks took politics as a subject to be studied with more rational and systematic approach. Aristotle was the first Greek to introduce the concept of developing a state or a city by uniting small villages together and defined a boundary for particular regulations. He believed in bringing collective and collaborative change through democratic politics. In modern times the discussion of politics consists of many different things. At its heart, politics looks at the way in which the government and governing bodies determine laws as well as how these laws are enforced. There are many different factors that can influence the way in which laws are made. These are examined throughout politics and political study. Some such factors include the effect of religion (Lenski, 1963), race (Gilens, 2000) and gender (Mohanty and Russo, 1991). One question is whether the study of politics can be considered a science. Science can be defined as a systematic study of either a natural or physical phenomena. Science supports and explains the natural phenomenon or natural reaction of a human being to every day issues and the purpose of science are to shape structures which can be useful for real life consequences. It is divided into two kinds, Social Science and Natural Science, however these two main branches can be sub divided into different subjects. Political science is often considered to be a sub division of Social Science. It is the study of government, state, politics and laws to enforce discipline, system and power among all classes and peopl e living within a boundary. Political Science interlinks with other subjects like sociology, psychology, international relations etc which can clearly tell that political science is a vast subject to study with proper guidelines. It gives a complete methodology of practicing political theories democratically with positivity, rationality and defines structuralism and institutionalism (Crotty, 1991). All these theories and depth cannot be observed without a thorough study over a subject. In short, Political Science cannot be kept restricted to specific issues happening in a state or a city but it is a complete solution and should be rightfully used in context of historical, social and cultural matters in our everyday life. Politics Politics is not just the study but a process of making collective and collaborative efforts or decisions to run state affairs effectively and successfully. It is a chain process of building relationships to gain power or authority. In this era, where reacti ons are more discernible and immediate actions cannot be taken, those in authority should be literate enough to deal with the affairs strategically and resolve them in a peaceful manner. Sensitive issues often have large implications, with judgments and laws affecting millions of lives in either positive or negative ways. This process known as politics should be

Short article about Glasgow School, Vienna Secession, & Werkbund Essay

Short article about Glasgow School, Vienna Secession, & Werkbund - Essay Example VanderVelde stated that it was important for an artist to have individual expression which favors handmade crafts. One of the main views of individuals that favored handmade crafts was that it enables the preservation of skills among the designers. On the other hand, taking an industrialized approach to crafts would eventually result in the loss of these traditional values. However, there is no denying the advantages that exist from machinery such as the precision in the design and accuracy of the fine detail. In addition, machines also provide the possibility to create designs faster. As mentioned above, the Werkbund was a group of individuals that believed in the combination of all aspects of art. I also share the same opinion as both handmade and machine made products have a role to play in the quality and appearance of the final product. However, I feel that machine made crafts have more advantages than handmade crafts. One of the individuals that prove this point is Peter Behrens who was one of the main contributors to the Arts movement in German. He was a firm believer of combining different aspects of art which gave his products an exceptional appearance and design. Behrens utilized different systems such as the grid and branding systems in his designs. In his views, architecture, furnishing and different objects were all coherent. Hence, this also illustrates the benefits of using different approaches towards creating a final product. As mentioned above, machine made crafts are more advantageous due to their accuracy and provide the designer with an accura te base that he or she can modify to improve the final products. However, many individuals that oppose industrialized design stated that it created repetitive and soulless end products. In addition, the machines took away the creativity and freedom that is associated with working with one’s hands. However, regardless of the criticism, many artists such as

History of Border Patrol in the US

History of Border Patrol in the US Introduction Turn on the television today and one of the stories popular in the media is President Trump’s border wall which is aimed at curbing crimes. One of the crimes in question is illegal immigration primarily along the southern border.   To members of Congress, Mexico presents a threat to the United States. Although, in a broad sense, this can be perceived as unfair, or even unjust; however, from a perspective of breaking U.S. immigration laws, there is a justifiable reason for the perception.   Every year the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) apprehends millions of individuals who enter the United States illegally. Of those â€Å"apprehensions 90% were made along the United States–Mexico border† (Guerette, & Clarke, 2005, p 161).   The Southern Border has been the focus of political debate for years. Since the early 90’s, border enforcement along the border has increased dramatically in terms of manpower, and budget. The amount of money spent on border patrol has the annual budget of the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol has increased from â€Å"$363 million to more than $3.8 billion† (The Cost, 2007, p. 1).   Ã‚  Operating with over sixty thousand employees, Customs and Border Patrol has the important task of securing the homeland by enforcing laws and depriving access of weapons and terrorists access to the U.S.   Impressively the agency can accomplish this mission without disrupting international travel and trade (About, 2018).   The following paper focuses on a brief history of Customs and Border Patrol and their role in diverting illegal immigration, and methods used to keep America safe. A Brief History Even though it was the early 1900’s, the United States still had an influx of immigration.   Men apart of the U.S. Immigration Service defended the border to deter unlawful border passing. This was not a permanent mission as patrols were only conducted when man power and assets were available (Border, 2017). Understanding something needed to be done to keep track of these individuals, Congress passed the 1907 Immigration Act.   This law required all immigrants and non-citizens to enter the United States at designated ports of entry. The law tightened down border measures by making it mandatory each person had to be inspected and receive authorization by a border inspector that they are clear to enter (Hernandez, 2010, p 1).   However, the very foundation of the Customs and Border Patrol began in the late 1700’s when Congress introduced several acts aimed at applying Tariffs.   The agency was authorized by the President to enforce health and quarantine laws in 17 96. In 1798, authorization was given to deport foreigners who were deemed dangerous. In 1819, all ships arriving into the United States were required to be inspected by customs officials called collector of customs. Immigration was rapidly evolving and customs services had to keep up.   In 1853, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol to patrol by riding horses along the borders; primarily locating individuals who were trying to dodge custom collections or come into the country illegally.   With Congress increasing the number of tariffs it was evident that more people were required to enforce the laws (Timeline, 2018). Congress was passing new immigration laws at an increasing rate and needed them enforced at the border.   Spanning just a few decades, laws were passed to ban â€Å"lunatics, idiots, convicts, those liable to public charges† (Hernandez, 2010, p 36). A few years later, Congress deemed epileptics, anarchists, and women who were prostitutes were not to be admitte d into the United States. In 1917, Congress had banned all people of Asian descent from entering the United States. In In 1924, Congress decided with it was time to tighten the border security and created the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. The agency was tasked with administering migration laws by averting unsanctioned boundary exploitations by patrolling designated regional limits. They were given law enforcement powers with the ability to detect and arrest people who were deemed to be illegal (Hernandez, 2010, p 2). The outfit was later renamed Bureau of Customs and held that name to the early 1970’s. It was then renamed Bureau of Customs and Border Patrol (1789, 2013).     Today their mission is much the same. They are responsible for securing the boundaries of the nation and upholding laws dealing with citizens and immigrants entering the United States. The mission of U.S. Customs and Border Patrols is never-ending.   Role in Immigration   When people think of immigration they tend to automatically think of illegal immigration. The Border Patrol plays a key role in both legal and illegal immigration.  Ã‚   To individuals who have not encountered, nor have experience with the U.S. immigration process, this can be daunting and confusing.   Foreign individuals can enter the U.S. for either short-term or long-term periods depending on visa status.   Border Patrol plays a crucial role in screening and determining if these foreign individuals may enter the U.S.   Each year there are over 200 million entries under the visa waiver program alone. Border Patrol must accomplish their mission of immigration screening without deterring tourism and future investors.   Border Patrol in 2017 alone, processed over four hundred million travellers’ through U.S. ports of entry. This equated to over two hundred million people by land; a hundred million by air; and eighteen million by sea. Interestingly, even if a visa has been issued to the individual, it is ultimately Border Patrols decision on whether to admit the individual.   In an average year, 8 million people with visas come to the United States; however, Border Patrol rejects around 2 million of these individuals (Aiden, 2012, p 111). Even with all these rejections, illegal immigration is a continuous and growing problem today that has been going on for years. The late 80’s was the time period in the United States that saw a vast increase in illegal immigration from Mexico, primarily fueled by an economic crisis that halted the growth of the economy and reduced the number of jobs available in their homeland.   (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Illegal immigration was so serious that apprehensions rose from â€Å"1 million annually in the 80’s to over 2 million at the end of the 90s† (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Initially the problem was just viewed as annoying; however, that perception quickly evolved into concern on the basis of security. States such as California were concerned with the increase in illegal immigrants and reached out to Congress for assistance.   This led states such as California, Arizona, and Texas to engage in an escalation of the force of armed personnel along the southern border (Alden, 2012, p. 110).  Ã‚   Of all the immigrants coming to the United States, over four hundred thousand individuals were caugh t trying to enter the country illegally outside the official port of entry (Immigration, 2015, p1).   Ã‚  These people who do not come in the official ports of entry give Border Patrol a run for their money. Border Patrol has a much harder job to perform as individuals who are not tracked slip under the radar.  Ã‚   According to Ngai (2010), â€Å"it is now estimated that over 12 million people in the United States, over a third of the foreign-born population, is not in legal immigration status† (pg. 93).  Ã‚   The United States has never been more proactive under the current administration in dealing with the problem with illegal immigration.   In 2017, over 700,000 Mexicans were deported from the U.S. This number is enormous and for good reason, as â€Å"one hundred thousand removals is the worldwide total† (Ngai, 2010, p 98).   Congress have prioritized this issue and increased Border Patrols budget immensely.   The spending alone has tripled from 2003-2006 with an annual budget of just under 4 billion dollars.   Honestly, the agency needs every cent as they are tasked with enforcing immigration laws and patrolling over 700 miles along the southern border. With the extra funding, drones have been utilized with infra-red and heat technologies.   The number of CBP agents has also tripled to a congressionally mandated 21, 500; the number of ports of entries increased by thousands, and the number of ICE agents has tripled since 2016 (Cost, 2017, p 2).   Ã‚  Unfortunately, even with all this attention to the southern border, it is not enough to deter immigration. On an average day, there is over 3 deaths along the border as a result of attempting to enter the U.S. illegally (The cost, 2017, p 1). Furthermore, congress has become more proactive in deportation and removal of illegal immigrants. So much that funding for the Customs Enforcement agency increased by eighty percent. With the increase in funding, more agents were added to the mission with â€Å"the number of apprehensions more than doubled and the number of interior removals increased by three-fold† (Amudeo and Lopez, 2017, p120). The increase in captures is identified as an increase in information sharing between apprehension and deportation of unauthorized immigrants which has since been a standard in every jurisdiction. One may ask why are so many people from Mexico attempting to risk everything and come to the United States? The answer is follow the money.   The wages in the United States are over four times high on average than those in Mexico.   Over the years, Border Patrol has changed immensely. As immigration laws change, they must adjust and enforce the new laws. As new Presidents come into office they also must accommodate their beliefs.   The modernization of immigration enforcement has smart borders at the ports of entry in Canada and Mexico. Computers make life easier to include immigration enforcement. President Trump has a border wall on the table with Congress allocating over 2. 5 billion for border security to include construction of a physical wall which is seen as the most extreme version of an enforcement strategy to â€Å"to reduce illegal immigration in the United States† (Aiden, 2017, p 483).   Today the Border Patrol has close to sixty thousand agents along the southern border. With the recent approval by President Trump to deploy the National Guard to defend the southern border, the security of the nation is increased.   Deterrence has also played a valuable part in border security to thwart illegal immigration. With the U.S. ending the era of ‘catch and release’ it lets knows people who are considering committing the act that their actions can result in jail time and felony prosecutions. One argument however with the change in protocols and the multibillion-dollar wall is whether they will work, or if it’s even worth it. When the President approved the Consolidated Appropriation Act, construction of approximately 100 miles of new border were began. Even with the high-tech wall, its effectiveness is still challenged. Statistics have shown that Mexico â€Å"ceased to be the route of choice for those seeking to enter the United States and remain illegally. Increasingly, the easiest path into the country has been to arrive on a legal visa and then simply remain after the period of admission has expired.† (Aiden, 2017, p 487).   The main perpetrators of illegal immigration are in fact visa overstayers.   Employment in the United States of ille gal immigrants has been a sensitive issue with the citizens of this country. Big penalties exist for citizens who do not verify the eligibility of their workers. Congress has mandated the use of the networked database called E-Verify. Anyone who wants to work in the United States needs to have a background check and be entered in the E-Verify work authorization system by employers. This program confirms eligibility within minutes. Border Patrol after 9/11 On the morning of September, the 11th 2001, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol functions were put to the ultimate test. In the midst of chaos, the organization stepped up with other federal agencies to secure the nation. Operation Safe Passage was formed requiring an increase in Customs officers at all important ports of entry. This was a daunting time. Agents were working over 18 hours a day. Seven days a week to inspect flights and cargo from ships coming into the United States.   Within days, things intensified with President Bush and Congress creating the Homeland Security office as well as the Homeland Security Act which required provided Border Patrol with more power to enforce customs, immigration and agricultural laws. The changes entailed seizing contraband, greater powers in determining admissibility, apprehending illegal immigrants, and â€Å"protecting our agricultural interests from pests and diseases and collecting duties and fees† (Remembering, 2017).   The Customs and Border Patrol is a multi-facet organization that constantly is on the lookout for child exploitation, goods and drugs smuggling, and the detection and prevention of terrorism. With any one of the millions of visitors coming to the United States each day, it seems like a relentless never-ending task.   Luckily for the citizens of the nation, Border Patrol is equipped with the manpower, technology and undying patriotism of defending the nation and constitution of the United States. Just months after the heinous terror attack, Border Patrol implemented the Container Security Initiative Program which focused on determining the safety of containers from foreign ports before they reached the United States. This was accomplished by sending Agents to host countries and working closely with foreign governments.   This program proved to be so successful that it now is operating at over 80 ports in multiple countries (CSI, 2014).   Ã‚  The Customs and Border Patrol has many hurdles to overcome. They have the unique job of staying vigilant while at the same time, appear welcoming. Challenges   Perhaps one of the biggest hurdles Customs and Border Patrol encounters is enforcing immigration laws, identifying threats and potential terrorists with minimal interruption to economic incentives. According to Stana (2003), â€Å"Achieving the balance between security and commercial needs is greatly affected by commercial and border and immigration control Workload† (p 1).   On any given day Border Patrol must select and examine any shipment deemed high risk; however, at the same time must clear the cargo in an efficient and timely manner. Time is money and when that money equates to trillions of dollars per year, Customs and Border Patrol has a very serious task indeed.  Ã‚   The continuous stress knowing that if they missed one weapon of mass destruction or let one individual who was able to perform grave damage is a realism the agents must face.   The Agents must be aware that their actions can disturb potential investors coming to the United States and affect tourism. They must be able to perform their vital task without disrupting the smooth influx of positive reinforcement to the nations delicate economy.  Ã‚   Arguably Trumps’ Border wall imposes such a restriction. If it is not done correctly, â€Å"it could result in a small investment in terror into massive disruption of daily life that has a clear and adverse effect on the U.S. and overall global economy† (Flynn, 2004). To offset some of these problems, Border Patrol partners with other agencies and private sector entities with the purpose of fortifying international supply chains. The increased trust between agencies also adds to the information sharing and reporting with PCII protections in place for the private sector.   With increased trust, comes increased reward and is the foundation of the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT) network. As discussed earlier, increased security and detection can slow down the economy. The CTPAT works on trust and strict provisions. Border Patrol enters an agreement with partners of the supply chain ultimately exposing security gaps and allowing for the implementation of corrections.   This program is essential as it significantly reduces the number of Customs and Border Patrol examinations, shortens the waiting times at the port of entry, and a plethora of rewards as being a trusted partner of the Customs and Border Patrol.  Ã‚   With over twenty thousand partners, this program has been an enormous success aiding in the U.S. economy at the same time as keeping the nation safe (CPAT, 2018). Before this program cargo was inspected upon arrival. With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Patrol is the lead agency to protect the nation from threats that may come into the ports.   Programs such as the ones mentioned positively affect the economy by streamlining processes.   By being more efficient helps bolster economic needs of the nation; however, there are other ways they help the economy. The U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are constantly on alert for people and goods smuggling. Smuggled goods enter the U.S. with no duties paid which allows for criminals to sell them at a much cheaper price. This lack of regulation leads to the loss of revenue to the government as no tax is paid. Legitimate business struggle to compete with knock off which ultimately leads to job loss.   Items such as medications which have not been FDA approved can be harmful to the population as their ingredients cannot be guaranteed. Smuggling is such a serious problem. In 2014, over 80 % of the 80,000 firearms seized in Mexico were from the United States. Furthermore, billions of dollars are smuggled across the border into Mexico which can depreciate the currency. U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are America’s front line on tackling this issue. Modernization   With the implementation of networks between agencies, and information sharing abilities, the U.S. Border security has become ‘smarter’.   Biometric technology which is comprised of retina and finger print scanners are being utilized at all ports of entry which confirms if an individual is legally allowed to enter the United States, and if they are a known threat.   With such technology in place, combined with increased border agents and drone technology; this all is an effort to divert anyone thinking of committing illegal immigration. Technology such as facial recognition is being introduced in pilot programs to test their effectiveness at ports of entry and even in moving vehicles. Kiosks assigned with passport scanning abilities are being implanted in some airports. When entering the port of entry into the United States, it is not uncommon to see individuals utilizing their smart phones with their electronic passport application opened.   U.S. Customs and Border Patrol also use an application themselves to detect illegal activity and improve the safety of officers (Powerful, 2018).    Conclusion   It can not be overstated the importance of the role the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol plays in the physical and economical safety of the nation. The agency has come along way from its horse patrolling days with only a few men; however, its mission has stayed the same- to protect the United States. When ever Congress deemed it necessary to create a new law, the Customs and Border Patrol were there to implement and regulate them.   The threats in the world do not remain static, the agency knows this and adjusts accordingly. Modernization of techniques and technology have allowed the Customs and Border Patrol to stay vigilant and streamlined.   In 2018 alone, over 32, 000lbs of cocaine has been seized, 290,000lbs of marijuana, 360 gang members apprehended, and 289,000 people have been turned around at the border (CBP, 2018).   Considering that it is only 4 months into 2018, the agency has worked extremely hard this year alone.   As long as America is a prosperous nation it will be targeted by people who are in less fortunate situations. This reason alone is why it is doubtful illegal immigration will cease. The same logic can be applied to smuggling. People will always try to exploit the system. Fortunately for the law-abiding citizens of the country, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol is there step up to the plate and protect the borders. References About CBP | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about Alden, E. (2012). Immigration And Border Control. Cato Journal, 32(1), 107-124. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/921128623?accountid=8289 Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Lopez, M. J. (2017). The Hidden Educational Costs of Intensified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigration Enforcement. Southern Economic Journal, 84(1), 120-154. doi:10.1002/soej.1220 Border Patrol History | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history CBP Enforcement Statistics FY2018 | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics CSI: Container Security Initiative | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2014). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/csi/csi-brief CTPAT: Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/ctpat Flynn. Stephen. E (2004). Rethinking the Role of the U.S. Mexican Border in the Post-9/11 World. (2018). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cfr.org/report/rethinking-role-us-mexican-border-post-911-world Guerette, R. T., & Clarke, R. V. (2005). Border enforcement, organized crime, and deaths of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   smuggled migrants on the united states Mexico border. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 11(2), 159-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1007/s10609-005-6716-z Hernandez, K. L. (2010). Migra: a history of the u. s. border patrol. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu Immigration Enforcement Along U.S. Borders and at Ports of Entry: Federal, State, and Local Efforts. (2015). Pewtrusts.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/02/immigration-enforcement-along-us-borders-and-at-ports-of-entry Ngai, M.   (2010). The civil rights origins of illegal immigration. International Labor and Working Class History, 78(1), 93-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1017/S0147547910000141 Powerful app speeds detection, heightens awareness | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/spotlights/powerful-app-speeds-detection-heightens-awareness Remembering Two 9/11s | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13    April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/history-leads-to-the-present/remembering-two-911s Stana, Richard (2003). Homeland Security: Challenges Facing the Department of Homeland Gao.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-902T The Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security. (2017). American Immigration Council. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/the-cost-of-immigration-  Ã‚  Ã‚   enforcement-and-border-security Timeline | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/timeline 1789: First Congress Provides for Customs Administration (2013) Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April    2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/1789-first-congress-provides-customs-  administration History of Border Patrol in the US History of Border Patrol in the US Introduction Turn on the television today and one of the stories popular in the media is President Trump’s border wall which is aimed at curbing crimes. One of the crimes in question is illegal immigration primarily along the southern border.   To members of Congress, Mexico presents a threat to the United States. Although, in a broad sense, this can be perceived as unfair, or even unjust; however, from a perspective of breaking U.S. immigration laws, there is a justifiable reason for the perception.   Every year the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) apprehends millions of individuals who enter the United States illegally. Of those â€Å"apprehensions 90% were made along the United States–Mexico border† (Guerette, & Clarke, 2005, p 161).   The Southern Border has been the focus of political debate for years. Since the early 90’s, border enforcement along the border has increased dramatically in terms of manpower, and budget. The amount of money spent on border patrol has the annual budget of the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol has increased from â€Å"$363 million to more than $3.8 billion† (The Cost, 2007, p. 1).   Ã‚  Operating with over sixty thousand employees, Customs and Border Patrol has the important task of securing the homeland by enforcing laws and depriving access of weapons and terrorists access to the U.S.   Impressively the agency can accomplish this mission without disrupting international travel and trade (About, 2018).   The following paper focuses on a brief history of Customs and Border Patrol and their role in diverting illegal immigration, and methods used to keep America safe. A Brief History Even though it was the early 1900’s, the United States still had an influx of immigration.   Men apart of the U.S. Immigration Service defended the border to deter unlawful border passing. This was not a permanent mission as patrols were only conducted when man power and assets were available (Border, 2017). Understanding something needed to be done to keep track of these individuals, Congress passed the 1907 Immigration Act.   This law required all immigrants and non-citizens to enter the United States at designated ports of entry. The law tightened down border measures by making it mandatory each person had to be inspected and receive authorization by a border inspector that they are clear to enter (Hernandez, 2010, p 1).   However, the very foundation of the Customs and Border Patrol began in the late 1700’s when Congress introduced several acts aimed at applying Tariffs.   The agency was authorized by the President to enforce health and quarantine laws in 17 96. In 1798, authorization was given to deport foreigners who were deemed dangerous. In 1819, all ships arriving into the United States were required to be inspected by customs officials called collector of customs. Immigration was rapidly evolving and customs services had to keep up.   In 1853, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol to patrol by riding horses along the borders; primarily locating individuals who were trying to dodge custom collections or come into the country illegally.   With Congress increasing the number of tariffs it was evident that more people were required to enforce the laws (Timeline, 2018). Congress was passing new immigration laws at an increasing rate and needed them enforced at the border.   Spanning just a few decades, laws were passed to ban â€Å"lunatics, idiots, convicts, those liable to public charges† (Hernandez, 2010, p 36). A few years later, Congress deemed epileptics, anarchists, and women who were prostitutes were not to be admitte d into the United States. In 1917, Congress had banned all people of Asian descent from entering the United States. In In 1924, Congress decided with it was time to tighten the border security and created the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. The agency was tasked with administering migration laws by averting unsanctioned boundary exploitations by patrolling designated regional limits. They were given law enforcement powers with the ability to detect and arrest people who were deemed to be illegal (Hernandez, 2010, p 2). The outfit was later renamed Bureau of Customs and held that name to the early 1970’s. It was then renamed Bureau of Customs and Border Patrol (1789, 2013).     Today their mission is much the same. They are responsible for securing the boundaries of the nation and upholding laws dealing with citizens and immigrants entering the United States. The mission of U.S. Customs and Border Patrols is never-ending.   Role in Immigration   When people think of immigration they tend to automatically think of illegal immigration. The Border Patrol plays a key role in both legal and illegal immigration.  Ã‚   To individuals who have not encountered, nor have experience with the U.S. immigration process, this can be daunting and confusing.   Foreign individuals can enter the U.S. for either short-term or long-term periods depending on visa status.   Border Patrol plays a crucial role in screening and determining if these foreign individuals may enter the U.S.   Each year there are over 200 million entries under the visa waiver program alone. Border Patrol must accomplish their mission of immigration screening without deterring tourism and future investors.   Border Patrol in 2017 alone, processed over four hundred million travellers’ through U.S. ports of entry. This equated to over two hundred million people by land; a hundred million by air; and eighteen million by sea. Interestingly, even if a visa has been issued to the individual, it is ultimately Border Patrols decision on whether to admit the individual.   In an average year, 8 million people with visas come to the United States; however, Border Patrol rejects around 2 million of these individuals (Aiden, 2012, p 111). Even with all these rejections, illegal immigration is a continuous and growing problem today that has been going on for years. The late 80’s was the time period in the United States that saw a vast increase in illegal immigration from Mexico, primarily fueled by an economic crisis that halted the growth of the economy and reduced the number of jobs available in their homeland.   (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Illegal immigration was so serious that apprehensions rose from â€Å"1 million annually in the 80’s to over 2 million at the end of the 90s† (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Initially the problem was just viewed as annoying; however, that perception quickly evolved into concern on the basis of security. States such as California were concerned with the increase in illegal immigrants and reached out to Congress for assistance.   This led states such as California, Arizona, and Texas to engage in an escalation of the force of armed personnel along the southern border (Alden, 2012, p. 110).  Ã‚   Of all the immigrants coming to the United States, over four hundred thousand individuals were caugh t trying to enter the country illegally outside the official port of entry (Immigration, 2015, p1).   Ã‚  These people who do not come in the official ports of entry give Border Patrol a run for their money. Border Patrol has a much harder job to perform as individuals who are not tracked slip under the radar.  Ã‚   According to Ngai (2010), â€Å"it is now estimated that over 12 million people in the United States, over a third of the foreign-born population, is not in legal immigration status† (pg. 93).  Ã‚   The United States has never been more proactive under the current administration in dealing with the problem with illegal immigration.   In 2017, over 700,000 Mexicans were deported from the U.S. This number is enormous and for good reason, as â€Å"one hundred thousand removals is the worldwide total† (Ngai, 2010, p 98).   Congress have prioritized this issue and increased Border Patrols budget immensely.   The spending alone has tripled from 2003-2006 with an annual budget of just under 4 billion dollars.   Honestly, the agency needs every cent as they are tasked with enforcing immigration laws and patrolling over 700 miles along the southern border. With the extra funding, drones have been utilized with infra-red and heat technologies.   The number of CBP agents has also tripled to a congressionally mandated 21, 500; the number of ports of entries increased by thousands, and the number of ICE agents has tripled since 2016 (Cost, 2017, p 2).   Ã‚  Unfortunately, even with all this attention to the southern border, it is not enough to deter immigration. On an average day, there is over 3 deaths along the border as a result of attempting to enter the U.S. illegally (The cost, 2017, p 1). Furthermore, congress has become more proactive in deportation and removal of illegal immigrants. So much that funding for the Customs Enforcement agency increased by eighty percent. With the increase in funding, more agents were added to the mission with â€Å"the number of apprehensions more than doubled and the number of interior removals increased by three-fold† (Amudeo and Lopez, 2017, p120). The increase in captures is identified as an increase in information sharing between apprehension and deportation of unauthorized immigrants which has since been a standard in every jurisdiction. One may ask why are so many people from Mexico attempting to risk everything and come to the United States? The answer is follow the money.   The wages in the United States are over four times high on average than those in Mexico.   Over the years, Border Patrol has changed immensely. As immigration laws change, they must adjust and enforce the new laws. As new Presidents come into office they also must accommodate their beliefs.   The modernization of immigration enforcement has smart borders at the ports of entry in Canada and Mexico. Computers make life easier to include immigration enforcement. President Trump has a border wall on the table with Congress allocating over 2. 5 billion for border security to include construction of a physical wall which is seen as the most extreme version of an enforcement strategy to â€Å"to reduce illegal immigration in the United States† (Aiden, 2017, p 483).   Today the Border Patrol has close to sixty thousand agents along the southern border. With the recent approval by President Trump to deploy the National Guard to defend the southern border, the security of the nation is increased.   Deterrence has also played a valuable part in border security to thwart illegal immigration. With the U.S. ending the era of ‘catch and release’ it lets knows people who are considering committing the act that their actions can result in jail time and felony prosecutions. One argument however with the change in protocols and the multibillion-dollar wall is whether they will work, or if it’s even worth it. When the President approved the Consolidated Appropriation Act, construction of approximately 100 miles of new border were began. Even with the high-tech wall, its effectiveness is still challenged. Statistics have shown that Mexico â€Å"ceased to be the route of choice for those seeking to enter the United States and remain illegally. Increasingly, the easiest path into the country has been to arrive on a legal visa and then simply remain after the period of admission has expired.† (Aiden, 2017, p 487).   The main perpetrators of illegal immigration are in fact visa overstayers.   Employment in the United States of ille gal immigrants has been a sensitive issue with the citizens of this country. Big penalties exist for citizens who do not verify the eligibility of their workers. Congress has mandated the use of the networked database called E-Verify. Anyone who wants to work in the United States needs to have a background check and be entered in the E-Verify work authorization system by employers. This program confirms eligibility within minutes. Border Patrol after 9/11 On the morning of September, the 11th 2001, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol functions were put to the ultimate test. In the midst of chaos, the organization stepped up with other federal agencies to secure the nation. Operation Safe Passage was formed requiring an increase in Customs officers at all important ports of entry. This was a daunting time. Agents were working over 18 hours a day. Seven days a week to inspect flights and cargo from ships coming into the United States.   Within days, things intensified with President Bush and Congress creating the Homeland Security office as well as the Homeland Security Act which required provided Border Patrol with more power to enforce customs, immigration and agricultural laws. The changes entailed seizing contraband, greater powers in determining admissibility, apprehending illegal immigrants, and â€Å"protecting our agricultural interests from pests and diseases and collecting duties and fees† (Remembering, 2017).   The Customs and Border Patrol is a multi-facet organization that constantly is on the lookout for child exploitation, goods and drugs smuggling, and the detection and prevention of terrorism. With any one of the millions of visitors coming to the United States each day, it seems like a relentless never-ending task.   Luckily for the citizens of the nation, Border Patrol is equipped with the manpower, technology and undying patriotism of defending the nation and constitution of the United States. Just months after the heinous terror attack, Border Patrol implemented the Container Security Initiative Program which focused on determining the safety of containers from foreign ports before they reached the United States. This was accomplished by sending Agents to host countries and working closely with foreign governments.   This program proved to be so successful that it now is operating at over 80 ports in multiple countries (CSI, 2014).   Ã‚  The Customs and Border Patrol has many hurdles to overcome. They have the unique job of staying vigilant while at the same time, appear welcoming. Challenges   Perhaps one of the biggest hurdles Customs and Border Patrol encounters is enforcing immigration laws, identifying threats and potential terrorists with minimal interruption to economic incentives. According to Stana (2003), â€Å"Achieving the balance between security and commercial needs is greatly affected by commercial and border and immigration control Workload† (p 1).   On any given day Border Patrol must select and examine any shipment deemed high risk; however, at the same time must clear the cargo in an efficient and timely manner. Time is money and when that money equates to trillions of dollars per year, Customs and Border Patrol has a very serious task indeed.  Ã‚   The continuous stress knowing that if they missed one weapon of mass destruction or let one individual who was able to perform grave damage is a realism the agents must face.   The Agents must be aware that their actions can disturb potential investors coming to the United States and affect tourism. They must be able to perform their vital task without disrupting the smooth influx of positive reinforcement to the nations delicate economy.  Ã‚   Arguably Trumps’ Border wall imposes such a restriction. If it is not done correctly, â€Å"it could result in a small investment in terror into massive disruption of daily life that has a clear and adverse effect on the U.S. and overall global economy† (Flynn, 2004). To offset some of these problems, Border Patrol partners with other agencies and private sector entities with the purpose of fortifying international supply chains. The increased trust between agencies also adds to the information sharing and reporting with PCII protections in place for the private sector.   With increased trust, comes increased reward and is the foundation of the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT) network. As discussed earlier, increased security and detection can slow down the economy. The CTPAT works on trust and strict provisions. Border Patrol enters an agreement with partners of the supply chain ultimately exposing security gaps and allowing for the implementation of corrections.   This program is essential as it significantly reduces the number of Customs and Border Patrol examinations, shortens the waiting times at the port of entry, and a plethora of rewards as being a trusted partner of the Customs and Border Patrol.  Ã‚   With over twenty thousand partners, this program has been an enormous success aiding in the U.S. economy at the same time as keeping the nation safe (CPAT, 2018). Before this program cargo was inspected upon arrival. With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Patrol is the lead agency to protect the nation from threats that may come into the ports.   Programs such as the ones mentioned positively affect the economy by streamlining processes.   By being more efficient helps bolster economic needs of the nation; however, there are other ways they help the economy. The U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are constantly on alert for people and goods smuggling. Smuggled goods enter the U.S. with no duties paid which allows for criminals to sell them at a much cheaper price. This lack of regulation leads to the loss of revenue to the government as no tax is paid. Legitimate business struggle to compete with knock off which ultimately leads to job loss.   Items such as medications which have not been FDA approved can be harmful to the population as their ingredients cannot be guaranteed. Smuggling is such a serious problem. In 2014, over 80 % of the 80,000 firearms seized in Mexico were from the United States. Furthermore, billions of dollars are smuggled across the border into Mexico which can depreciate the currency. U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are America’s front line on tackling this issue. Modernization   With the implementation of networks between agencies, and information sharing abilities, the U.S. Border security has become ‘smarter’.   Biometric technology which is comprised of retina and finger print scanners are being utilized at all ports of entry which confirms if an individual is legally allowed to enter the United States, and if they are a known threat.   With such technology in place, combined with increased border agents and drone technology; this all is an effort to divert anyone thinking of committing illegal immigration. Technology such as facial recognition is being introduced in pilot programs to test their effectiveness at ports of entry and even in moving vehicles. Kiosks assigned with passport scanning abilities are being implanted in some airports. When entering the port of entry into the United States, it is not uncommon to see individuals utilizing their smart phones with their electronic passport application opened.   U.S. Customs and Border Patrol also use an application themselves to detect illegal activity and improve the safety of officers (Powerful, 2018).    Conclusion   It can not be overstated the importance of the role the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol plays in the physical and economical safety of the nation. The agency has come along way from its horse patrolling days with only a few men; however, its mission has stayed the same- to protect the United States. When ever Congress deemed it necessary to create a new law, the Customs and Border Patrol were there to implement and regulate them.   The threats in the world do not remain static, the agency knows this and adjusts accordingly. Modernization of techniques and technology have allowed the Customs and Border Patrol to stay vigilant and streamlined.   In 2018 alone, over 32, 000lbs of cocaine has been seized, 290,000lbs of marijuana, 360 gang members apprehended, and 289,000 people have been turned around at the border (CBP, 2018).   Considering that it is only 4 months into 2018, the agency has worked extremely hard this year alone.   As long as America is a prosperous nation it will be targeted by people who are in less fortunate situations. This reason alone is why it is doubtful illegal immigration will cease. The same logic can be applied to smuggling. People will always try to exploit the system. Fortunately for the law-abiding citizens of the country, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol is there step up to the plate and protect the borders. References About CBP | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about Alden, E. (2012). Immigration And Border Control. Cato Journal, 32(1), 107-124. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/921128623?accountid=8289 Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Lopez, M. J. (2017). The Hidden Educational Costs of Intensified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigration Enforcement. Southern Economic Journal, 84(1), 120-154. doi:10.1002/soej.1220 Border Patrol History | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history CBP Enforcement Statistics FY2018 | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics CSI: Container Security Initiative | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2014). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/csi/csi-brief CTPAT: Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/ctpat Flynn. Stephen. E (2004). Rethinking the Role of the U.S. Mexican Border in the Post-9/11 World. (2018). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cfr.org/report/rethinking-role-us-mexican-border-post-911-world Guerette, R. T., & Clarke, R. V. (2005). Border enforcement, organized crime, and deaths of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   smuggled migrants on the united states Mexico border. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 11(2), 159-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1007/s10609-005-6716-z Hernandez, K. L. (2010). Migra: a history of the u. s. border patrol. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu Immigration Enforcement Along U.S. Borders and at Ports of Entry: Federal, State, and Local Efforts. (2015). Pewtrusts.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/02/immigration-enforcement-along-us-borders-and-at-ports-of-entry Ngai, M.   (2010). The civil rights origins of illegal immigration. International Labor and Working Class History, 78(1), 93-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1017/S0147547910000141 Powerful app speeds detection, heightens awareness | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/spotlights/powerful-app-speeds-detection-heightens-awareness Remembering Two 9/11s | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13    April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/history-leads-to-the-present/remembering-two-911s Stana, Richard (2003). Homeland Security: Challenges Facing the Department of Homeland Gao.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-902T The Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security. (2017). American Immigration Council. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/the-cost-of-immigration-  Ã‚  Ã‚   enforcement-and-border-security Timeline | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/timeline 1789: First Congress Provides for Customs Administration (2013) Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April    2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/1789-first-congress-provides-customs-  administration

Hypocrisy in The Enormous Radio Essay -- Enormous Radio Essays

Hypocrisy in The Enormous Radio  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short story, "The Enormous Radio," by John Cheever, the radio acts as a wake up call for Jim and Irene Westcott. Even though they believe that their life is better than their neighbors’ lives, the radio proves them wrong. The Westcott’s life can be compared to a freshly painted ten-year-old car: nice and shiny on the outside but falling apart on the inside. In the beginning, Jim and Irene seem to have a good life with no problems; they seem to be average, ordinary people. The story states, "The Westcotts differed from their friends, their classmates, and their neighbors only in an interest they shared in serious music" (Cheever 812). This already hints that they might have their share of problems, especially since they are almost exactly like everyone they know. One reason why they might think they have a better life is because of their music, but in actuality, this is where their conflicts arise. Once they get the new radio, everything seems fine, even though they can hear all of the neighbors’ conversations. The Westcotts ...

Keeping Pets

The disadvantages of keeping prairie dogs as pets far outweigh the advantages. But the cuteness factor of these unique creatures keep the pet trade moving along with more and more people wanting prairie dogs as pets. Before you take on one of these animals into your care, you should weigh all of the factors of ownership so there will be no surprises once the prairie dog is in your home. Advantages Without a doubt, the cuteness and uniqueness factors of the prairie dog are what interest people the most.Not very many people have prairie dogs so some individuals might get the thrill of having the only prairie dog or dogs in the neighborhood. Their sweet faces and rounded bodies are adorable which attract many to wanting to own one of these animals. Their compact size also means they don't take up a lot of space unlike larger animals such as dogs. Besides their constant need for companionship, care for the prairie dog is minimal. They require a clean cage, food and water, and toys for pl ay and exercise. They can be litter box trained and can be fed a high-quality rabbit pellet along with other vegetation.Disadvantages Some prairie dogs do adapt to captivity but not very often. They can become friendly and sociable with humans but when they don't bond with their owner, they can become stressed and bite. Because these are social creatures, they require a lot of attention from their owner. When left alone, prairie dogs can become depressed leading to behavioral problems. When prairie dogs are handled properly when young, they can socialize and become unique pets. However, many of these animals have been taken from their wild habitat and do not adjust to captivity.This causes many behavior issues such as depression and biting. Because prairie dogs chew, they can escape many types of cages and when loose in the house, they can cause quite a bit of damage. Prairie dogs can also carry diseases. An outbreak of monkeypox was noted in pet prairie dogs in 2003. Plague can als o be transmitted to humans through prairie dogs. The chance of this occurring is low however; cases of human plague have been reported to the CDC as a result of contact with prairie dogs. Finding a veterinarian that is knowledgeable with these animals can be difficult.If an owner is faced with a sick prairie dog, they may not have anyone who can diagnose the problem until it is too late. One of the biggest disadvantages of owning prairie dogs is the legality issue. Following the reported cases of monkeypox in 2003, laws were specifically made to ban the capture of wild prairie dogs and restrict the travel of existing captive prairie dogs. The new laws have made it illegal to move prairie dogs from one state to another or even within a state. Some states have made it illegal to own these animals. If you are planning on relocating, you have to receive special permission to do so.The law does allow owners to transport prairie dogs only in the case of seeking veterinary care or movement to a shelter to be euthanized. Overall, prairie dogs are not the best choices for pets. They should not be owned by someone who does not have the time to devote to their care and more importantly, they should not be purchased for children. The numbers of prairie dogs in the wild have steadily been declining in recent years. Many believe that should the promotion of prairie dogs as pets continue, their future could end up like the black-footed ferret – an animal which has reached near extinction in the wild.

Gun Control2 essays

Gun Control2 essays "In order to reduce gun vilolence in the U.S., there should be stricter gun regulation." Violence and crime in today's society is inevitable. Human nature is full of hatred, jealousy, and chaos. Throwing guns into the equation adds security for some, and vulnerability for others. Gun regulation is a topic of debate that has been going on for years and looks to be going on for many more to come. Although, each side of the issue seems to have a possibility of security for all, a healthy median of both sides proves to be hard to come by. On the side of no gun regulation, advocates explain that a concealed handgun provides safety, and that people who defend themselves (with guns) may indirectly benefit other citizens. Cab drivers and drug dealers who carry guns produce a benefit for cab drivers and drug dealers without guns (Lott 18). This theory seems like it could be quite effective, but it brings questions of whether drug dealers would even obey gun regulation laws if imposed, since they are already braking the law by dealing drugs. One might ask why do drug dealers need guns? The answer is quite simple, most violent acts are due to drug and alcohol abuse (Write 313). The ability to carry a concealed weapon provides safety to the insecure and vulnerable. Erika Schwartz (the first runner-up in the 1997 Miss America pageant) made her decision to carry a gun after becoming a victim of a carjacking. Other women carry a weapon due to their fear of rape. Laurence Rockefeller's reason to pack heat is because he carries large sums of money and feels that a gun will protect him from becoming a victim of a mugging (Lott 23). Advocates of no gun control say that the current gun regulation of a waiting period to help potential murders time to "cool off" is a total waste of time. Any one who leaves the scene of an argument, drives to a gun shop, buys a weapon, loads it with ammunition, and returns to kill the ...

Free Essays on Dillard

respond to Dillard’s book and reflect upon your own experiences. 1. What kind of neighborhood(s) do you/have you lived in (suburban, rural, urban)? How has that shaped your sense of who you are and your sense of community? In eighth grade I visited Washington Dc, and New Orleans. Never before had I seen buildings that had â€Å"open† market shops in them. Knowing that there were larger city’s out side Springfield made the neighborhood I live in seem like the dull scraps of what was left of the interesting people of the world. My neighborhood has stayed the same through out my childhood. There was a older lady on the corner of my street, she died a few years back. I don’t recall ever seeing her face or what her name was. She kept to herself. On Halloween she would set out a jar of candy so I never got to see her up close. I always wonder if she had any family. I would notice her car would be gone for a few days, I never noticed any cars other than her own in the drive way. When I was eight the city was deciding what to do with â€Å"our† park. My neighborhood friends and I often tried to play baseball there. With only 4 of us we didn’t really have much success. When the park board had a forum to hear suggestions nearly everyone in our neighborhood came to tell them that they wanted the park just the way it was. And we got our wish. Now there is a senior center also on the property. I don’t recall the last time my friends and I played on the swing set or the merry go round after that day that we said how much that park meant to us. I only speak to one of my friends of days gone past. The other dropped out of high school and the only reason we maintained a relationship up until that point was out of convenience. I despise the fact that there were never more than 5 girls living in out neighborhood my age at any one time. My street is occupied by retirees who get their paper in the morning still in their robes. They mow t... Free Essays on Dillard Free Essays on Dillard respond to Dillard’s book and reflect upon your own experiences. 1. What kind of neighborhood(s) do you/have you lived in (suburban, rural, urban)? How has that shaped your sense of who you are and your sense of community? In eighth grade I visited Washington Dc, and New Orleans. Never before had I seen buildings that had â€Å"open† market shops in them. Knowing that there were larger city’s out side Springfield made the neighborhood I live in seem like the dull scraps of what was left of the interesting people of the world. My neighborhood has stayed the same through out my childhood. There was a older lady on the corner of my street, she died a few years back. I don’t recall ever seeing her face or what her name was. She kept to herself. On Halloween she would set out a jar of candy so I never got to see her up close. I always wonder if she had any family. I would notice her car would be gone for a few days, I never noticed any cars other than her own in the drive way. When I was eight the city was deciding what to do with â€Å"our† park. My neighborhood friends and I often tried to play baseball there. With only 4 of us we didn’t really have much success. When the park board had a forum to hear suggestions nearly everyone in our neighborhood came to tell them that they wanted the park just the way it was. And we got our wish. Now there is a senior center also on the property. I don’t recall the last time my friends and I played on the swing set or the merry go round after that day that we said how much that park meant to us. I only speak to one of my friends of days gone past. The other dropped out of high school and the only reason we maintained a relationship up until that point was out of convenience. I despise the fact that there were never more than 5 girls living in out neighborhood my age at any one time. My street is occupied by retirees who get their paper in the morning still in their robes. They mow t...

This is a take home exam, there are 4 different questions that have to Essay

This is a take home exam, there are 4 different questions that have to be researched and answered - Essay Example Adorno has redefined enlightenment and extended its meaning to a universal principle that guided the development of human civilization. In so doing, he realized that enlightenment also led the people to dominate and use nature for themselves. In the process, enlightenment brought about transformation and suppression of other elements that existed in nature that consequently led to self-destruction as shown by the totalitarianism examples during the madness of Nazism and Stalin. Totalitarian here is taken as an abstract word that I define as restriction, and imposed power that is critical of the system of the form of government of a totalitarian power. I believe that what Adorno exemplifies in his theory as â€Å"a process of categorical thought in modern society, by which everything becomes an example of an abstract, and thus nothing individual in its actual uniqueness is allowed to exist†. Adorno believes that reason has been entangled with domination and suffering. I take th is to mean that it is likened to a totalitarian system wherein, people although living in modern society have no control of its environment and everything has to conform to the outside world. Under this context, let me describe totalitarianism as a form of society largely responsible for influencing its citizens with a self-centered ideology. Man, according to Adorno has been liberated from myth, and enlightenment and understanding today comes from scientific reasoning which he thinks is the same as from myth. I believe this should not be the case because myth has no foundations of truth, and belief has only been passed by traditions so much so that it is accepted as near truth; but scientific researches are based on truth that is more reliable than myths. On this basis, Adorno created a view point that morality is being stuck within its powerless objective, in a world that values only recognizable facts, and morality becomes a mere prejudice of individual subjectivity. It is hard t o discern what morality signifies to Adorno and why it has become powerless. But my understanding of morality is the codes of conduct put forward by a society or by a religion. In a sense, there is some truth to his assumptions because codes of conduct, particularly in a religion is based on tradition and culture that limits free expression of people and does really free the people. Talking about culture of the people, Adorno has been known for being critique of the entertainment industry of modern society because to him â€Å"it is just a mechanical, formulaic, and dominating as the workplace. His arguments show that the humans in modern society have been programmed between work and leisure, and they are merely changing to another piece of the machine – from producer to consumer. His rationalization is under this mantle of ideology, man is not free to create his own desires and they cannot really become free individuals that can create its own society. 2. Does God Matter in the present world, especially since God has been associated with oppressive ideas such as sexual repression, racism, and androcentrism/anthropocentrism? This question is taken in the context of sociological perspectives that encourages us to examine aspects of social environment

Defining Love in Today's World Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defining Love in Today's World - Article Example   Emotion is often considered to be the first language of human beings (Lewis & Lannon 13). Before they could converse with one another, humans reacted with expression and feeling. If an injury would cause them pain, they reacted to it; if a child’s laughter touched them, they would express it through emotion. Some emotions may not have been properly understood by those early human beings. Even now, many cultures may have different views on how these emotions should be expressed or what they mean. Love is no exception to this. Love comes in many forms, and therefore has many meanings, which can make it difficult for humans to fully understand. Despite this, it is one of the easiest emotions to display. There is no definitive beginning to the various meanings of love; in the attempt to â€Å"chart the ‘arc of love’ is that, like time, this is a subject resistant to analysis, because its existence is predicated on experience (Vickers 1).† People define love in their own terms and based on their own experiences, though most people can relate to the majority of these meanings. The history of love can only really be traced based on each individual and the love that they have felt for someone or something. This is one of the many characteristics of love that makes it a great and precious emotion - it is copious in its existence and it is steeped in everyone’s personal and unique history. Love is most thought of as the emotion felt between a couple in a serious and romantic relationship, whether they are married or are dating. In this case, love encompasses all the little aspects that keep the couple together. The smiles that are shared that are full of little secrets and that can convey thousands of messages without ever speaking; the experiences and memories that they have from the day they started dating to the present; even all of the little fights and hardships that they went through to get to where they provide evidence of lov e. The fact that they are in love is what enables them to get through hard times. This love can be increased from dating to marriage. Marriage in itself is a physical representation of romantic love between a couple. It is also a way that a couple can share and display their love for friends, family, and to the public. Teenagers and children claim to romantically love their significant other or their playground sweetheart.  Ã‚